Abstract The Li-ion Second Life Batteries application is of growing interest with significant potential to address sustainability and environmental challenges. By 2040, an estimated 3.4 million kilograms of LIB cells from electric vehicles (EVs) could potentially enter the waste stream. However, these batteries still have many useful years ahead of them. Instead of being trashed,…
An electric battery is an energy storage device comprising one or more electrochemical cells. These cells have external connections used to power electrical devices. When providing power, the battery’s positive terminal serves as the cathode, while the negative terminal functions as the anode. Electrons flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal from…
A solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. Most solar cells are made from silicon. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not rely on chemical reactions or fuel, and unlike electric generators, they have no moving parts. Solar cells can be organized into solar…
A supercapacitor is an advanced energy storage device that offers high power density and has a long cycle life. These devices store energy through the separation of charge in an electrolyte, rather than through the chemical reactions used in batteries. This technology has undergone extensive developments in the last few years. Positioned between batteries and…
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction serving as a one-way current switch. Diodes, also called rectifiers, convert alternating current (AC) into pulsating direct current (DC). They are categorized by type, voltage, and current capacity. With polarity determined by an anode (positive) and cathode (negative), diodes typically conduct…
A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy, water, and heat through electrochemical reactions. It consists of an anode and a cathode separated by an electrolyte, which is typically a porous membrane. Hydrogen, and air (or oxygen) are fed into the cell. At the anode, the fuel undergoes a…
Similar to all-electric vehicles (EVs) a Hydrogen Car/Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), utilizes electricity to drive an electric motor. However, unlike other EVs, FCEVs generate electricity using a hydrogen-powered fuel cell instead of relying on a battery for power. While FCEVs could be designed with plug-in capabilities similar to PHEVs to charge the battery. Most…
In thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy (often referred to simply as Gibbs energy, symbolized as G) is a thermodynamic potential that quantifies the maximum non-pressure-volume work achievable by a thermodynamically isolated system at constant temperature and pressure. It also serves as a criterion for processes, including chemical reactions, that can occur under these conditions. What is…
Solar energy refers to any form of energy produced by the sun. It is generated through the process of nuclear fusion that occurs within the sun. Solar radiation, also called electromagnetic radiation, is the light emitted by the sun due to nuclear fusion. Although every location on Earth receives sunlight throughout the year. The intensity…
Welcome to “Car Assembly Process 101,” where we delve into the fascinating world of how cars are built, piece by piece, into the marvels of engineering we see on the roads today. The car assembly process is a complex process that relies on a reliable supply chain to ensure uninterrupted production. This process involves the…