There is no denying that batteries play a critical role in our modern world. Powering everything from small electronic devices to electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. Understanding the underlying thermodynamics of batteries is essential for optimizing their performance, efficiency, and longevity. This article explores the fundamental principles of thermodynamics as they apply to…
Conventional vehicles typically rely on Lead Acid Car Battery due to their high power output and affordability. These batteries use water-based electrolytes and have individual cell voltages that are relatively low. While they offer proven safety, lead-acid batteries have a lower specific energy compared to lithium-ion types. In contrast, hybrid electric vehicles often use nickel-metal…
Electrochemistry is the exploration of chemical reactions that induce the motion of electrons, which is called electricity. It is a highly interdisciplinary field with applications spanning physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Today, we are going to explore various areas where electrochemistry plays a crucial role. These include energy conversion and storage, focusing on fuel cells…
Abstract The Li-ion Second Life Batteries application is of growing interest with significant potential to address sustainability and environmental challenges. By 2040, an estimated 3.4 million kilograms of LIB cells from electric vehicles (EVs) could potentially enter the waste stream. However, these batteries still have many useful years ahead of them. Instead of being trashed,…
An electric battery is an energy storage device comprising one or more electrochemical cells. These cells have external connections used to power electrical devices. When providing power, the battery’s positive terminal serves as the cathode, while the negative terminal functions as the anode. Electrons flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal from…
A solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. Most solar cells are made from silicon. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not rely on chemical reactions or fuel, and unlike electric generators, they have no moving parts. Solar cells can be organized into solar…
A supercapacitor is an advanced energy storage device that offers high power density and has a long cycle life. These devices store energy through the separation of charge in an electrolyte, rather than through the chemical reactions used in batteries. This technology has undergone extensive developments in the last few years. Positioned between batteries and…
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction serving as a one-way current switch. Diodes, also called rectifiers, convert alternating current (AC) into pulsating direct current (DC). They are categorized by type, voltage, and current capacity. With polarity determined by an anode (positive) and cathode (negative), diodes typically conduct…
A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy, water, and heat through electrochemical reactions. It consists of an anode and a cathode separated by an electrolyte, which is typically a porous membrane. Hydrogen, and air (or oxygen) are fed into the cell. At the anode, the fuel undergoes a…
Similar to all-electric vehicles (EVs) a Hydrogen Car/Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), utilizes electricity to drive an electric motor. However, unlike other EVs, FCEVs generate electricity using a hydrogen-powered fuel cell instead of relying on a battery for power. While FCEVs could be designed with plug-in capabilities similar to PHEVs to charge the battery. Most…