Physics often focuses on simplifying complex phenomena to better understand and predict the natural world. This art of idealization is a cornerstone of mechanics, where we frequently encounter the concept of a “particle” or “point mass.” Within this context, the moment of inertia plays a crucial role, particularly in rotational dynamics. In thermodynamic equilibrium, all…
Modern automobiles are intricate technical systems composed of several vehicle systems each with specific design functions. Many of these systems include thousands of parts, which have evolved through advancements or the introduction of new technologies. Additionally, some vehicle systems have been developed in response to factors like air pollution, safety regulations, or competition among manufacturers….
A transmission, also known as a gearbox, is a mechanical device that utilizes a set of gears working in tandem. In a car, the transmission, or gearbox, serves as the mechanism that transfers power from the engine to the wheels. It does this through a system of gears and gear trains. It enables the driver…
An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine. There are two commonly used reciprocating heat engines found on the market today. The spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines. Due to their different ignition mechanisms, these engines have varying fuel property requirements. For instance, SI engines need volatile fuel…
The automotive industry encompasses all companies and activities involved in producing motor vehicles. The industry’s main products are passenger cars and light trucks, including pickups, vans, and sport utility vehicles. Commercial vehicles, like delivery trucks and 18- 18-wheelers (often called semis), are secondary to the industry. The term “automotive” originates from the Greek word “autos”…
Lean manufacturing is focused on reducing time in the production system while improving response times from suppliers and customers. It’s closely related to just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, which aligns production with demand by only producing goods that have been ordered. Both approaches aim to boost efficiency, productivity, and continuous improvement while minimizing waste for both producers…
Many electronic circuits require DC voltage to operate, but the voltage from a standard 120V outlet is AC. A rectifier provides an easy way to convert AC voltage or current into DC voltage or current using a diode. A p-n junction diode allows electric current to flow in one direction (forward bias). By blocking current…
Few technologies have had a larger impact on our everyday lives compared to the lithium battery. This technology is notable for its high energy density and low cost per cycle. Helping set them apart from other battery types. However, the term “lithium battery” can be vague as there are around six common chemistries. Each of…
Nickel battery technologies have revolutionized the way we store and use energy, offering a range of solutions for various applications. From the early days of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries to the more advanced nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and nickel-hydrogen (NiH2) variants, these technologies have continually evolved to meet the growing demands for efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly…
There is no denying that batteries play a critical role in our modern world. Powering everything from small electronic devices to electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. Understanding the underlying thermodynamics of batteries is essential for optimizing their performance, efficiency, and longevity. This article explores the fundamental principles of thermodynamics as they apply to…