Many electronic circuits require DC voltage to operate, but the voltage from a standard 120V outlet is AC. A rectifier provides an easy way to convert AC voltage or current into DC voltage or current using a diode. A p-n junction diode allows electric current to flow in one direction (forward bias). By blocking current…
Few technologies have had a larger impact on our everyday lives compared to the lithium battery. This technology is notable for its high energy density and low cost per cycle. Helping set them apart from other battery types. However, the term “lithium battery” can be vague as there are around six common chemistries. Each of…
Nickel battery technologies have revolutionized the way we store and use energy, offering a range of solutions for various applications. From the early days of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries to the more advanced nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and nickel-hydrogen (NiH2) variants, these technologies have continually evolved to meet the growing demands for efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly…
There is no denying that batteries play a critical role in our modern world. Powering everything from small electronic devices to electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. Understanding the underlying thermodynamics of batteries is essential for optimizing their performance, efficiency, and longevity. This article explores the fundamental principles of thermodynamics as they apply to…
Conventional vehicles typically rely on Lead Acid Car Battery due to their high power output and affordability. These batteries use water-based electrolytes and have individual cell voltages that are relatively low. While they offer proven safety, lead-acid batteries have a lower specific energy compared to lithium-ion types. In contrast, hybrid electric vehicles often use nickel-metal…
Electrochemistry is the exploration of chemical reactions that induce the motion of electrons, which is called electricity. It is a highly interdisciplinary field with applications spanning physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Today, we are going to explore various areas where electrochemistry plays a crucial role. These include energy conversion and storage, focusing on fuel cells…
Abstract The Li-ion Second Life Batteries application is of growing interest with significant potential to address sustainability and environmental challenges. By 2040, an estimated 3.4 million kilograms of LIB cells from electric vehicles (EVs) could potentially enter the waste stream. However, these batteries still have many useful years ahead of them. Instead of being trashed,…
An electric battery is an energy storage device comprising one or more electrochemical cells. These cells have external connections used to power electrical devices. When providing power, the battery’s positive terminal serves as the cathode, while the negative terminal functions as the anode. Electrons flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal from…
A solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. Most solar cells are made from silicon. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not rely on chemical reactions or fuel, and unlike electric generators, they have no moving parts. Solar cells can be organized into solar…
A supercapacitor is an advanced energy storage device that offers high power density and has a long cycle life. These devices store energy through the separation of charge in an electrolyte, rather than through the chemical reactions used in batteries. This technology has undergone extensive developments in the last few years. Positioned between batteries and…